{"id":14012,"date":"2017-05-30T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2017-05-29T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine"},"modified":"2018-02-15T16:23:51","modified_gmt":"2018-02-15T15:23:51","slug":"everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine","title":{"rendered":"Everything you need to know about Colombard wine"},"content":{"rendered":"

Colombard<\/b><\/a> is not the world\u2019s sexiest <\/span>white wine grape<\/b><\/a>, to put it mildly. It lacks the star power of <\/span>Sauvignon Blanc<\/b><\/a> and <\/span>Chardonnay<\/b><\/a>, but it\u2019s got its place in the winegrowing world. If you\u2019ve never heard of the Colombard grape, don\u2019t worry. Our quick guide will tell you everything you need to know, fast.<\/span><\/p>\n

Let\u2019s start with the basics.<\/span><\/p>\n

What is Colombard?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

It\u2019s a grape. More specifically, Colombard is a member of the <\/span>vitis vinifera<\/span><\/i> species of wine grapes. It\u2019s an offspring of <\/span>Chenin Blanc<\/b><\/a> and the even lesser known Gouais Blanc. Originally from France, Colombard produces white wines that are relatively neutral in character.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Colombard grape lacks strong varietal characteristics of its own, so it is used to best effect to create blends with other grapes. Colombard produces a crisp wine with good acidity, making it a versatile blending grape indeed. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Where does Colombard grow?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Its home is France, though Colombard has also had some success elsewhere. <\/span><\/p>\n

Colombard in France<\/strong><\/h3>\n

In its native France, Colombard is most important not for table wine, but rather for <\/span>Cognac<\/b><\/a> and Armagnac. Here, the Colombard is grown alongside grapes such as <\/span>Ugni Blanc<\/b><\/a> to produce the base wines that will be distilled into the luxury Brandies of those regions. It\u2019s also permitted, though rarely seen, as a blending grape in white <\/span>Bordeaux<\/b><\/a> wine. A number of large supermarket brands, notably Tariquet and JP Chenet, also make inexpensive white wines from Colombard.<\/span><\/p>\n

Colombard in the USA<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Though less significant today, Colombard has enjoyed some serious success in California. It was the region\u2019s premier white grape during the 1980s, known as French Colombard, though its popularity is no longer what it was. Today, most American Colombard is used in inexpensive white blends and jug wines.<\/span><\/p>\n

Colombard around the world<\/strong><\/h3>\n

You\u2019ll find Colombard wine produced in a number of other countries, notably South Africa and <\/span>Australia<\/b><\/a>. Winemakers in these new world countries tend to produce Colombard wines in a fresh style with pronounced tropical and exotic fruit flavours. In South Africa, they call the grape \u201cColombar\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Colombard food and wine pairings<\/strong><\/h2>\n

If you\u2019ve got your hands on a bottle of Colombard, you\u2019ve got a surprising number of options when it comes to <\/span>food and wine pairing<\/b><\/a>. The naturally high acidity in Colombard, combined with the relatively neutral flavour profile, means that Colombard is quite food-friendly indeed. Let\u2019s look at three distinct iterations of Colombard, and a great food match for each.<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Colombard supermarket blends: Cheap and cheerful<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Maybe it\u2019s from the south of France, or from California. Let\u2019s say you\u2019ve got one of those bottom-shelf bottles of Colombard wine and you\u2019re looking for a good food pairing. Do as the French do in this case, and stick with the supermarket theme: Grab a chilled bottle of Colombard (the colder the better if it\u2019s not a particularly good quality wine) and put together a little <\/span>picnic of cheese, charcuterie and bread<\/b>. Sit in the sun with good friends and enjoy a cheap and cheerful picnic!<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Tangy new world Colombard: Keep it simple!<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Some South African or Australian Colombard can almost be compared with <\/span>New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc<\/b><\/a>. High levels of acidity and racy, tangy exotic fruit flavours are great with unfussy dishes, with perhaps none better than traditional <\/span>fish and chips<\/b>. With plenty of salt and vinegar, this is a tangy delight and the acidic wine will be on hand to clean your palate with each sip!<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Colombard in Cognac: Decadent duck!<\/strong><\/h3>\n

OK, it\u2019s not a wine as such, but perhaps the finest expression of French Colombard is in Cognac. Some will swear by Cognac as an after-dinner digestif, but a young example can be a beautiful match for <\/span>honey-glazed duck<\/b>. The aromatics and flavours of both food and drink complement each other wonderfully. It\u2019s not something to have every day, and you\u2019ll want to watch your intake, but what a treat!<\/span><\/p>\n

 
\n
\"The<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Colombard is not the world\u2019s sexiest white wine grape, to put it mildly. It lacks the star power of Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay, but it\u2019s got its place in the winegrowing world. If you\u2019ve never heard of the Colombard grape, don\u2019t worry. Our quick guide will tell you everything you […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":16909,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[353],"tags":[486],"class_list":["post-14012","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-grapes","tag-france"],"yoast_head":"\nEverything you need to know about Colombard wine | Blog INVINIC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Colombard is not the world\u2019s sexiest white wine grape, to put it mildly. It lacks the star power of Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay, but it\u2019s got its place\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Everything you need to know about Colombard wine | Blog INVINIC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Colombard is not the world\u2019s sexiest white wine grape, to put it mildly. It lacks the star power of Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay, but it\u2019s got its place\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Blog INVINIC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"invinicshopping\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-05-29T22:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-02-15T15:23:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/iStock-519493471-730x492.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"730\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"492\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"INVINIC\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@invinicshopping\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"INVINIC\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"INVINIC\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/#\/schema\/person\/8d23de4ec0d59cd595ee80c536b67563\"},\"headline\":\"Everything you need to know about Colombard wine\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-05-29T22:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-02-15T15:23:51+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine\"},\"wordCount\":678,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/iStock-519493471-730x492.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"France\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Grapes\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine\",\"name\":\"Everything you need to know about Colombard wine | Blog INVINIC\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/iStock-519493471-730x492.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-05-29T22:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-02-15T15:23:51+00:00\",\"description\":\"Colombard is not the world\u2019s sexiest white wine grape, to put it mildly. It lacks the star power of Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay, but it\u2019s got its place\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/iStock-519493471-730x492.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/iStock-519493471-730x492.jpg\",\"width\":730,\"height\":492},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"INVINIC\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Grapes\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/category\/grapes\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Everything you need to know about Colombard wine\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/\",\"name\":\"Blog INVINIC\",\"description\":\"The Wine Of Life\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/#organization\",\"name\":\"INVINIC\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/logo-emails.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/logo-emails.png\",\"width\":250,\"height\":55,\"caption\":\"INVINIC\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/#\/schema\/person\/8d23de4ec0d59cd595ee80c536b67563\",\"name\":\"INVINIC\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/228f76bd3b00b229eda380bd6c5ec7d6?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/228f76bd3b00b229eda380bd6c5ec7d6?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"INVINIC\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.invinic.com\/\",\"invinicshopping\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/invinicshopping\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/author\/invinic\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Everything you need to know about Colombard wine | Blog INVINIC","description":"Colombard is not the world\u2019s sexiest white wine grape, to put it mildly. It lacks the star power of Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay, but it\u2019s got its place","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Everything you need to know about Colombard wine | Blog INVINIC","og_description":"Colombard is not the world\u2019s sexiest white wine grape, to put it mildly. It lacks the star power of Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay, but it\u2019s got its place","og_url":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine","og_site_name":"Blog INVINIC","article_author":"invinicshopping","article_published_time":"2017-05-29T22:00:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2018-02-15T15:23:51+00:00","og_image":[{"width":730,"height":492,"url":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/iStock-519493471-730x492.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"INVINIC","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@invinicshopping","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"INVINIC","Est. reading time":"3 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine"},"author":{"name":"INVINIC","@id":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/#\/schema\/person\/8d23de4ec0d59cd595ee80c536b67563"},"headline":"Everything you need to know about Colombard wine","datePublished":"2017-05-29T22:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2018-02-15T15:23:51+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine"},"wordCount":678,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/iStock-519493471-730x492.jpg","keywords":["France"],"articleSection":["Grapes"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine","url":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine","name":"Everything you need to know about Colombard wine | Blog INVINIC","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/iStock-519493471-730x492.jpg","datePublished":"2017-05-29T22:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2018-02-15T15:23:51+00:00","description":"Colombard is not the world\u2019s sexiest white wine grape, to put it mildly. It lacks the star power of Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay, but it\u2019s got its place","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/iStock-519493471-730x492.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/iStock-519493471-730x492.jpg","width":730,"height":492},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-colombard-wine#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"INVINIC","item":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Grapes","item":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/category\/grapes"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Everything you need to know about Colombard wine"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/","name":"Blog INVINIC","description":"The Wine Of Life","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/#organization","name":"INVINIC","url":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/logo-emails.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/logo-emails.png","width":250,"height":55,"caption":"INVINIC"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/#\/schema\/person\/8d23de4ec0d59cd595ee80c536b67563","name":"INVINIC","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/228f76bd3b00b229eda380bd6c5ec7d6?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/228f76bd3b00b229eda380bd6c5ec7d6?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"INVINIC"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.invinic.com\/","invinicshopping","https:\/\/x.com\/invinicshopping"],"url":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/author\/invinic"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14012"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14012"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14012\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18867,"href":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14012\/revisions\/18867"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16909"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14012"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14012"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.invinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14012"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}